Použití odchylky v rozhraní pro obecné kolekce (C# and Visual Basic)
Covariant rozhraní umožňuje jeho metody vrátit více odvozené typy, než je uvedeno v rozhraní.Contravariant rozhraní umožňuje přijímat parametry méně odvozené typy než ty zadaný v rozhraní jeho metody.
V.NET Framework 4, několik existující rozhraní, které se stanou covariant a contravariant.Jedná se o IEnumerable a IComparable.Můžete opakovaně používat metody, které pracují s obecný základní typy kolekcí odvozené typy kolekcí.
Seznam variant rozhraní v.NET Framework, viz Odchylky obecných rozhraní (C# and Visual Basic).
Následující příklad ukazuje výhody podpory Kovariance v IEnumerable rozhraní.PrintFullName Metoda přijímá kolekce IEnumerable<Person> typu (IEnumerable(Of Person) v jazyce Visual Basic) jako parametr.Však jej můžete znovu použít pro kolekci IEnumerable<Employee> typu (IEnumerable(Of Person) v jazyce Visual Basic) protože Employee dědí Person.
' Simple hierarchy of classes.
Public Class Person
Public Property FirstName As String
Public Property LastName As String
End Class
Public Class Employee
Inherits Person
End Class
' The method has a parameter of the IEnumerable(Of Person) type.
Public Sub PrintFullName(ByVal persons As IEnumerable(Of Person))
For Each person As Person In persons
Console.WriteLine(
"Name: " & person.FirstName & " " & person.LastName)
Next
End Sub
Sub Main()
Dim employees As IEnumerable(Of Employee) = New List(Of Employee)
' You can pass IEnumerable(Of Employee),
' although the method expects IEnumerable(Of Person).
PrintFullName(employees)
End Sub
// Simple hierarchy of classes.
public class Person
{
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
}
public class Employee : Person { }
class Program
{
// The method has a parameter of the IEnumerable<Person> type.
public static void PrintFullName(IEnumerable<Person> persons)
{
foreach (Person person in persons)
{
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0} {1}",
person.FirstName, person.LastName);
}
}
public static void Test()
{
IEnumerable<Employee> employees = new List<Employee>();
// You can pass IEnumerable<Employee>,
// although the method expects IEnumerable<Person>.
PrintFullName(employees);
}
}
Následující příklad ukazuje výhody v contravariance podporu IComparer rozhraní.PersonComparer Třída implementuje IComparer<Person> rozhraní (IComparer(Of Person) v jazyce Visual Basic).Však můžete znovu použít tuto třídu porovnat posloupnost objektů Employee zadejte, protože Employee dědí Person.
' Simple hierarhcy of classes.
Public Class Person
Public Property FirstName As String
Public Property LastName As String
End Class
Public Class Employee
Inherits Person
End Class
' The custom comparer for the Person type
' with standard implementations of Equals()
' and GetHashCode() methods.
Class PersonComparer
Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person)
Public Function Equals1(
ByVal x As Person,
ByVal y As Person) As Boolean _
Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person).Equals
If x Is y Then Return True
If x Is Nothing OrElse y Is Nothing Then Return False
Return (x.FirstName = y.FirstName) AndAlso
(x.LastName = y.LastName)
End Function
Public Function GetHashCode1(
ByVal person As Person) As Integer _
Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person).GetHashCode
If person Is Nothing Then Return 0
Dim hashFirstName =
If(person.FirstName Is Nothing,
0, person.FirstName.GetHashCode())
Dim hashLastName = person.LastName.GetHashCode()
Return hashFirstName Xor hashLastName
End Function
End Class
Sub Main()
Dim employees = New List(Of Employee) From {
New Employee With {.FirstName = "Michael", .LastName = "Alexander"},
New Employee With {.FirstName = "Jeff", .LastName = "Price"}
}
' You can pass PersonComparer,
' which implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person),
' although the method expects IEqualityComparer(Of Employee)
Dim noduplicates As IEnumerable(Of Employee) = employees.Distinct(New PersonComparer())
For Each employee In noduplicates
Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName & " " & employee.LastName)
Next
End Sub
// Simple hierarchy of classes.
public class Person
{
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
}
public class Employee : Person { }
// The custom comparer for the Person type
// with standard implementations of Equals()
// and GetHashCode() methods.
class PersonComparer : IEqualityComparer<Person>
{
public bool Equals(Person x, Person y)
{
if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, y)) return true;
if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, null) ||
Object.ReferenceEquals(y, null))
return false;
return x.FirstName == y.FirstName && x.LastName == y.LastName;
}
public int GetHashCode(Person person)
{
if (Object.ReferenceEquals(person, null)) return 0;
int hashFirstName = person.FirstName == null
? 0 : person.FirstName.GetHashCode();
int hashLastName = person.LastName.GetHashCode();
return hashFirstName ^ hashLastName;
}
}
class Program
{
public static void Test()
{
List<Employee> employees = new List<Employee> {
new Employee() {FirstName = "Michael", LastName = "Alexander"},
new Employee() {FirstName = "Jeff", LastName = "Price"}
};
// You can pass PersonComparer,
// which implements IEqualityComparer<Person>,
// although the method expects IEqualityComparer<Employee>.
IEnumerable<Employee> noduplicates =
employees.Distinct<Employee>(new PersonComparer());
foreach (var employee in noduplicates)
Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName + " " + employee.LastName);
}
}